Forest-Ivanhoe Residential Historic District
Overview
The Forest-Ivanhoe Residential Historic District in Hammond, Lake County, Indiana, is a compact, historically significant neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Spanning approximately 17.45 acres, it is bounded by 172nd Place, the east side of Forest Avenue, the southern end of Forest Avenue, and the Little Calumet River. The district comprises 31 resources: 25 contributing buildings (primarily single-family homes) and 6 non-contributing buildings, with no contributing sites, structures, or objects.
Developed between 1925 and 1952, the district is notable for its architectural cohesion, curvilinear street design, and association with prominent local architect L. Cosby Bernard, Sr. It meets National Register criteria A, B, and C under the areas of Architecture and Community Planning & Development, as outlined in the "Historic Residential Suburbs in the United States, 1830-1960" Multiple Property Documentation.
Geographical and Physical Description
Located on the southwest side of Hammond, near the Indiana-Illinois state line and the Little Calumet River, the district features a winding central road (Forest Avenue) that creates a park-like, naturalistic aesthetic, contrasting with the surrounding rectilinear urban grid. Mature trees, unfenced lawns, and stacked stone walls enhance its charm.
- Streets and Infrastructure: Asphalt streets with concrete curbing, a sidewalk only on the south side of 172nd Place, and an asphalt alley connecting 172nd Place and 173rd Street. Antique-style streetlights with black metal posts and acorn globes line Forest Avenue.
- Utilities: Managed underground or via overhead lines in the alley. A non-contributing utilities building is set back opposite the intersection of 173rd Street and Forest Avenue.
- Garages: Most homes have attached garages; some have separate, contributing garages matching the main house’s style.
- Landscaping: Natural vegetation and winding concrete or brick sidewalks and driveways contribute to the aesthetic.
The boundaries encompass a cohesive neighborhood, justified by its concentration of high-quality, period-revival architecture and distinct layout.
Architectural Characteristics
The district’s contributing homes, built between 1925 and 1952, are designed in Tudor Revival, English Cottage, Colonial Revival, and Contemporary Colonial Revival styles. These styles dominate due to the short period of significance and the influence of architect L. Cosby Bernard, Sr., who designed five homes, including his own. The architecture reflects interwar housing trends, with high craftsmanship in materials and detailing.
Tudor Revival
The Tudor Revival style, prevalent in the late 1920s to early 1930s, is characterized by its romantic, medieval-inspired aesthetic, emphasizing asymmetry and rich material textures. It is the district’s most dominant style, reflecting the affluence of early residents.
- Materials:
- Walls: Brick (often dark brown, laid in English bond or basket-weave patterns) and rough-cut stone (random coursing) on main levels; stucco with half-timbering (vertical, horizontal, or angled wood trim) on upper levels or gable ends.
- Roofs: Steeply pitched, gabled or hipped, covered in slate tiles (brown, purple, green) or dark clay tiles; copper guttering at narrow eaves.
- Windows: Multi-paned leaded glass, often in diamond or hexagonal patterns, set in deep masonry openings with stone or brick surrounds.
- Chimneys: Prominent, constructed of stone or brick, often with clay chimney pots; decorative patterns like basket-weave or soldier coursing.
- Design Features:
- Asymmetrical facades with projecting gables, bays, or entry towers.
- Steeply pitched roofs with flared eaves, often with gabled dormers breaking the eave line.
- Arched doorways with stone surrounds, sometimes with carved limestone or Tudor arches.
- Decorative elements like scalloped bargeboards, low stone walls at entrances, and corbelled brickwork.
Key Examples
- 7241 Forest Avenue (Bernard House, 1931):
Designed by Bernard for himself, this home is a masterpiece of Tudor Revival. It features multiple volumes with high hipped roofs, a projecting two-story gabled end, and a collage of brick, rough-cut stone, and stucco with half-timbering. The front facade includes a recessed entry with basket-weave brick above, a large screened porch with heavy wood brackets, and a gable face with angled brick and stucco panels. Windows are multi-paned leaded glass, some with art glass transoms. The chimney, with a basket-weave pattern and clay pots, is a focal point on the north facade. Copper guttering and fiberglass shingles complete the roof.
- 7326 Forest Avenue (E. C. Minas House, 1930):
A stately, refined Tudor Revival by Bernard, constructed entirely of chiseled stone blocks in alternating tall and narrow courses. The two-story rectangular plan has a projecting entry gable with a Tudor-arched doorway, featuring smooth limestone blocks and a bronze crowned light. A tall window bay with gothic-arched leaded glass windows and a Tudor arch hood adds elegance. The massive stone chimney, centered on the front facade, steps in with a limestone cap and clay pots. Dark clay tile roofing enhances the imposing appearance.
- 7245 Forest Avenue (circa 1929):
This two-story home features a formal, rectangular plan with a multi-sided stucco entry tower, topped by a conical roof and copper horse weather vane. Rough-cut stone walls on the main level transition to stucco with vertical wood trim on the second level. Windows are tall, narrow, leaded glass with stone jack arches and sills. A wood-trimmed jetty with corbels marks the second-level overhang. Slate tile roofing in varied colors adds richness.
- 7243 State Line Avenue (1925):
The district’s earliest home, this one-and-one-half-story Tudor Revival is concealed by a winding drive. It features brick in English bond on the main level and stucco with wood trim on the second level. The double-gabled roof, parallel to the front facade, is covered in slate tiles. An open porch with brick walls and timber arches, plus scalloped rake boards, adds charm. Windows are multi-paned wood with transoms, set in deep masonry openings.
English Cottage
A later, simplified variant of Tudor Revival, the English Cottage style emerged in the late 1920s to 1930s, with a cozier, less ornate aesthetic. It retains Tudor elements but emphasizes rustic charm and smaller scale.
- Materials:
- Walls: Random, rough-cut stone or brick, sometimes with stucco or weatherboard in gable ends; stone trim at corners and openings.
- Roofs: High-pitched, gabled, covered in fiberglass shingles or slate; copper guttering.
- Windows: Multi-paned wood, often double-hung or casement, with stone sills; some with diamond or circular leaded glass.
- Chimneys: Prominent, stone or brick, often integrated into facades, with stone caps or clay pots.
- Design Features:
- Intersecting gabled plans with projecting gable ends or entry vestibules.
- Rustic, asymmetrical facades with low stone walls or terraces at entries.
- Arched or circular windows, often with keystones or stone surrounds.
- Minimal dormers, focusing on gable faces for decorative impact.
Key Examples
- 7255 Forest Avenue (circa 1927):
This one-and-one-half-story L-shaped home features brick walls with rough-cut stone trim at corners in a staggered pattern. The front facade’s projecting gable has a three-sided fireplace box with a slate-tiled hipped roof, flanked by narrow eight-pane windows. The chimney, flush with the gable face, rises above the ridge with stone diamonds and clay pots. An arched entry with a stone keystone and circular leaded glass window adds whimsy. The high-pitched roof is fiberglass-shingled.
- 7251 Forest Avenue (circa 1927):
An intersecting gabled plan with a prominent gable at the south end, this home uses random rough-cut stone, brick, and weatherboard. The main gable has a bank of three window openings with 4/6 wood windows, set on a stucco base. The gable face features herringbone brick panels separated by wood trim. The entry gable has a wide stone arch with a recessed round-topped door. A covered side porch and attached garage complete the rustic charm.
- 20 172nd Place (circa 1937):
This one-and-one-half-story home combines brick with stone trim and stucco in gable ends. The front facade features a large brick and stone chimney left of a gabled entry vestibule with a stone-trimmed archway and full-glass arched door. Windows are wood casements with diamond grilles, set on limestone sills. The high-sloped roof has a hipped dormer, and brick quoining alternates large and small stones at corners.
- 7325 Forest Avenue (circa 1928):
A one-and-one-half-story brick home with stone detailing, this English Cottage has a steeply pitched gabled roof with slate tiles in green, purple, and grey. The front facade’s projecting gabled end has a symmetrical window arrangement, with a bank of three ten-paned windows on the main level. The entry gable features a Tudor-arched door with art glass windows, and a large stone chimney dominates the south wall. Copper guttering adds refinement.
Colonial Revival
The Colonial Revival style, prominent from the late 1920s to 1930s, emphasizes symmetry, classical detailing, and a formal, stately appearance, drawing from early American architecture. It reflects the district’s growing prosperity.
- Materials:
- Walls: Entirely brick or rough-cut stone, sometimes with brick quoining; weatherboard in gable ends or dormers.
- Roofs: Steeply pitched, gabled, covered in wood shakes or fiberglass shingles; copper guttering.
- Windows: Multi-paned wood (6/6 or 8/8), often with arched tops or transoms, set on brick or stone sills; some aluminum replacements.
- Chimneys: Brick or stone, often centered on gable ends, with stone caps or clay pots.
- Design Features:
- Symmetrical or near-symmetrical facades with central entries, often with pediments or stone surrounds.
- Gabled roofs with hipped or gabled dormers breaking the eave line.
- Arched window openings, pilaster surrounds, and decorative transoms (e.g., sunburst patterns).
- Porches or recessed entries with classical columns or metalwork.
Key Examples
- 47 173rd Street (Peter Murphy House, 1929):
A Chateauesque Colonial Revival by Bernard, this two-story home has a symmetrical, rough-cut stone facade with random coursing. The central entry features a multi-paneled wood door with a carved limestone surround and fauna-patterned bas relief. Tall, arched window openings with multi-paned casements and transoms flank the entry. Hipped dormers with 6/6 windows break the high-pitched, wood-shake roof. The west facade’s stone chimney transitions to cylindrical brick with soldier coursing and clay pots.
- 7240 Forest Avenue (circa 1937):
This two-story brick home exemplifies Colonial Revival symmetry, with a central entry featuring a sunburst-patterned transom. The gabled roof has fiberglass shingles, and chimneys are centered on north and south gable ends. Windows are 6/6 wood, set on brick sills, with a single-story addition on the north facade featuring a wood railing around its roof perimeter. The facade's clean lines and balanced proportions convey formality.
- 64 172nd Place (circa 1939):
A two-and-one-half-story brick home with a steeply pitched gabled roof, this home blends Colonial Revival with Tudor influences. The front facade has a projecting gable and a recessed porch with decorative metalwork. The entry has an arched, six-panel wood door, and windows are a mix of arched casements and rectangular replacements with grille work. A large chimney dominates the east facade, and copper guttering adds elegance.
Contemporary Colonial Revival
The Contemporary Colonial Revival style, prevalent in the 1940s to early 1950s, adapts Colonial Revival principles to post-war needs, with smaller scales and modern conveniences like attached garages.
- Materials:
- Walls: Brick or stone ashlar on main levels, weatherboard or aluminum siding on upper levels or dormers.
- Roofs: Gabled or low-sloped, covered in fiberglass shingles.
- Windows: 1/1 or 8/8 wood, often with shutters, set on brick or limestone sills.
- Chimneys: Brick, typically on gable ends or integrated into facades.
- Design Features:
- Slightly asymmetrical facades due to attached garages or recessed entries.
- Shed or gabled roofs with dormers, sometimes with shed roofs across the facade.
- Simplified classical details, like fluted pilasters or cornices at entries.
- Open porches or stoops with brick bases and concrete decks.
Key Examples
- 04 172nd Place (circa 1940):
A two-story Colonial Revival Cottage with a rough-cut stone base and aluminum siding in gable ends. The gabled roof has fiberglass shingles, and the asymmetrical facade features an off-center entry with fluted pilaster surround and a three-panel wood door with a window. A bank of three eight-paned casement windows with transoms sits on a limestone sill. A large gabled dormer with 1/1 windows and a stone chimney on the east facade complete the design.
- 24 172nd Place (circa 1940):
Similar to 04 172nd Place, this one-and-one-half-story cottage has a brick base, weatherboard siding, and a fiberglass-shingled gabled roof. The off-center entry has a fluted pilaster surround and a wood door with a half-round window. Two 6/6 wood windows with limestone sills flank the entry, and a large gabled dormer with 6/6 windows and a decorative vent sits above. Brick quoining and a shed-roofed garage add character.
- 46 172nd Place (circa 1952):
A symmetrical two-story home with stone ashlar on the main level and weatherboard on the second. The low-sloped gabled roof has fiberglass shingles. A full-width open porch with square columns and a brick base spans the front facade. The central entry has a two-panel wood door, flanked by 1/1 windows with shutters. Three gabled dormers with 1/1 windows break the eave line, and a wide brick chimney anchors the east facade.
- 08 172nd Place (circa 1949):
This two-story gabled home has an ashlar stone base and brick walls, with a fiberglass-shingled roof. A shed roof extends across the front facade between levels. The recessed entry stoop is west of center, flanked by a bank of five multi-paned windows and two sets of three multi-paned windows. The second level has three paired multi-paned windows on brick sills. A large brick chimney centers the west gable end.
- 7248 Forest Avenue (Meyn House, circa 1952):
A large two-story brick home with a gabled roof, this home features a full-width open porch with arched openings between posts, covered by the main roof extension. The symmetrical facade has a central entry and multi-paned windows (8/8 in dormers). Three gabled dormers break the front facade’s eave line, and the home’s scale reflects post-war prosperity.
Non-Contributing Properties
Six homes, built between 1953 and 1966, are non-contributing due to their contemporary ranch style and construction dates outside the period of significance. These include:
- 7301 Forest Avenue (circa 1953): A one-and-one-half-story brick and weatherboard home with a gabled roof, featuring a bay window and shed dormers.
- 7315 Forest Avenue (1966): A single-story brick ranch in a T-plan with a mansard-roofed garage.
- 7332 Forest Avenue (1954): A single-story brick ranch with a gabled roof and attached garage.
These are included due to their location within the platted neighborhood but do not align with the district’s period styles.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The district’s significance stems from its representation of suburban development, association with L. Cosby Bernard, Sr., and exemplary architecture.
Criterion A: Community Planning & Development
- Context: Hammond’s industrial growth, driven by proximity to Chicago (30 miles) and rail networks, spurred residential expansion. The 1869 G. H. Hammond Company packing house and 1923 annexation of land to the Little Calumet River enabled developments like Forest-Ivanhoe.
- Development Pattern: Platted post-1923, Forest-Ivanhoe features curvilinear streets and naturalistic landscaping, reflecting suburban planning ideals. Developers like Roscoe Woods and Gostlin, Meyn & Weiss shaped the area, attracting affluent residents.
- Transportation: The Green Line streetcar along Hohman Avenue connected residents to downtown and Chicago until 1937, supporting suburban growth.
- Socioeconomic Impact: Housed prominent figures like Edward C. Minas, Sr. (department store owner). Post-war construction reflected continued prosperity.
Criterion B: Association with L. Cosby Bernard, Sr.
- Biography: Born 1890 in Kentucky, studied at the University of Illinois (graduated 1913), opened a Hammond firm in 1927. Known as the “Designer of Forest Avenue.”
- Contributions: Designed five homes (7241, 7326, 7306, 7240 Forest Avenue; 47 173rd Street), showcasing Tudor and Colonial Revival styles with exceptional masonry, leaded glass, and timber detailing. Also designed civic buildings like Hammond Public Library branches.
- Legacy: Defined the district’s architectural character. Moved to Sarasota, Florida
Criterion C: Architecture
- Distinctive Characteristics: Embodies interwar housing trends with Tudor Revival, English Cottage, and Colonial Revival styles. Bernard’s designs demonstrate high artistic value through intricate masonry and stylistic cohesion.
- Craftsmanship: Slate roofs, leaded glass, carved stone surrounds, and decorative brickwork reflect affluence. The Minas House (7326 Forest Avenue) is notable for refined stonework.
- Cohesion: Limited stylistic range and short period of significance create a unified aesthetic, distinct from surrounding neighborhoods with varied or less ornate architecture.
Period of Significance
The period of significance, 1925–1952, spans the construction of the first contributing home (7243 State Line Avenue) to the last (7248 Forest Avenue), capturing primary development phases from the affluent 1920s to the post-war boom.
Historical Context
Hammond’s development was shaped by its industrial growth and strategic location. The G. H. Hammond Company (1869) and rail expansion made it a shipping hub. By the 1920s, industrial prosperity and Chicago’s influence drove residential expansion southward. The 1923 annexation provided land for Forest-Ivanhoe, catering to affluent residents. The Great Depression slowed construction post-1926, but post-war prosperity revived development.
Bibliographical References
- Hammond Centennial (1951), Hammond Centennial Committee.
- Hammond Indiana Bicentennial Yearbook (1976), American Bicentennial Committee.
- Hammond Daily News (1904, reprinted 1966), Hammond Historical Society.
- Trusty, Lance. Hammond: A Centennial Portrait (1984), Donning Co.
- Waywood, Mark. Informal History of Hammond 1847-1934 (1982).
- Hammond, Indiana, villageprofile.com (1997).
Boundary Description and Justification
Description: From 172nd Place and State Line Avenue, east to Hohman Avenue, south along rear property lines of homes on the east side of Forest Avenue, west along southern property lines of 7331 and 7332 Forest Avenue to the Little Calumet River, north along the river’s east bank, then north to the starting point.
Justification: Encapsulates the concentration of period-revival homes, many by Bernard, and defines the neighborhood’s naturalistic, curvilinear layout, distinct from the surrounding urban grid.
Conclusion
The Forest-Ivanhoe Residential Historic District is a well-preserved example of early 20th-century suburban development, showcasing high-quality Tudor Revival, English Cottage, and Colonial Revival architecture. Its significance lies in its planned layout, association with L. Cosby Bernard, Sr., and embodiment of interwar housing trends. The district’s cohesive design, affluent history, and naturalistic aesthetic make it a standout in Hammond and a valuable addition to the National Register.